International Journal of Sub-Saharan African Research (IJSSAR)

Background: Hydroelectric dams are essential for energy security all over the world, including Nigeria, yet their social impacts often undermine the livelihoods of host communities. Despite significant investments in projects such as the Kainji and Jebba dams in Niger State, there have been minimal assessments on the social impacts of these dams on livelihood outcomes. Objectives: To examine the social impact of hydroelectric dam (population displacement, health and security, cultural heritage loss, and poverty levels) on the livelihoods of selected communities in Kainji and Jebba, Niger State. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Using stratified random sampling, 437 copies of questionnaire were distributed to households in the two communities; 380 valid responses (86.95% response rate) were analysed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression in SPSS version 25. Results: All four social impact dimensions (population displacement, health and security, cultural heritage loss, and poverty levels) significantly influence livelihood outcomes (RZ = 0.696, p < 0.001). Loss of cultural heritage (? = 0.281) and population displacement (? = 0.293) emerged as the strongest predictors, followed by health and security (? = 0.231) and poverty outcomes (? = 0.131). Conclusions: When properly managed, hydroelectric dams can enhance livelihoods through structured resettlement, health improvements, and economic diversification. Unique contribution: This study will provide insight into the relationship between hydroelectric dams and the socio-economic development of resettled communities in Kainji and Jebba. The findings will assist policymakers and stakeholders in designing effective interventions that address the specific needs of the study area. Key recommendation: Based on the findings, the government, HYPPADEC, and dam management authorities should implement sustainable livelihood support programs, strengthen health and security services, and promote economic diversification in resettled communities. They should also encourage community participation and preserve cultural heritage to ensure that dam development leads to inclusive and sustainable socio-economic benefits for affected populations.