International Journal of Sub-Saharan African Research (IJSSAR)

Background: The relationship between birth rate and economic growth remains a critical issue in development discourse. While high fertility rates may either stimulate or impede economic growth depending on contextual factors, Nigeria has historically paid limited attention to the role of population dynamics as a driver of economic performance. Persistent high birth rates, if not effectively managed, may exert pressure on economic resources, reduce savings, and constrain investment. This study examines the effect of birth rate on Nigeria’s economic growth between 1990 and 2020.
Objective: The study investigates whether birth rate stimulates or impedes economic growth in Nigeria. Methods: An ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. The theoretical framework is anchored on Simon’s population theory, which posits that high fertility can stimulate economic growth through increased human capital. The study utilised secondary data comprising annual time series data on Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and birth rate from 1990 to 2020. Results: The findings indicate that birth rate declined insignificantly over the study period, while Nigeria’s economic growth experienced a significant decline. Further analysis reveals a significant negative relationship between birth rate and economic growth.
Conclusion: The study concludes that birth rate has a significant negative effect on Nigeria’s economic growth. This outcome is largely attributable to increased household and public consumption, which reduces savings and limits investment necessary for economic expansion.
Unique Contribution: This study provides empirical evidence on the negative influence of birth rate on economic growth in Nigeria, contributing to ongoing debates on population and development within the Nigerian context.
Key Recommendation: The study recommends that the Nigerian government should implement effective population management strategies through policy frameworks, advocacy, and public enlightenment, while also enhancing the productivity of the existing population to support sustainable economic growth.