International Journal of Sub-Saharan African Research (IJSSAR)

Background: Nigeria, a country endowed with vast human and natural resources, continues to face persistent challenges of poverty, human insecurity, and unsustainable development. These issues significantly impede economic growth, national stability, and social cohesion. Traditional development approaches have focused largely on economic indicators without addressing the deeper socio-economic imbalances.
Objective: This study applies Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach to critically examine the underlying causes of poverty and insecurity in Nigeria and to propose viable strategies that promote sustainable development through the expansion of human freedoms and opportunities.
Method: The study employed a qualitative research design using content analysis of policy documents, scholarly articles, and development reports. The analysis focused on identifying patterns and themes related to governance, economic inequality, and institutional weaknesses. The study also relied on expert interviews to validate findings and support the theoretical application of the Capability Approach. Results: Findings reveal that structural factors such as poor governance, widespread economic disparities, and institutional failure contribute significantly to Nigeria’s development challenges. The study suggests that enhancing human capital, reforming the security sector, and investing in critical infrastructure can mitigate these challenges when guided by a capability-oriented development model.
Conclusion: By shifting the development focus from GDP growth to the enhancement of individual capabilities and freedoms, Nigeria can build a more inclusive, secure, and sustainable society. Addressing governance, inequality, and institutional reform is key to unlocking the nation’s development potential.
Unique Contribution: This paper introduces a capability-based framework as a more holistic and human-centered alternative to traditional economic models of development. It deepens the discourse on sustainable development by emphasizing human freedom as both the means and the end of development efforts in Nigeria.
Key Recommendation: Policymakers should adopt inclusive development strategies that prioritize education, healthcare, environmental sustainability, and participatory governance. Future initiatives must integrate the Capability Approach in designing policies that empower citizens, reduce vulnerabilities, and promote long-term national stability.